Bulgaristan’daki Türkçe Öğretmenlerinin Türkçenin Eğitimi-Öğretimine İlişkin Görüşlerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Bulgaristan'da görev yapan Bulgaristan vatandaşı Türkçe öğretmenlerinin Bulgaristan'daki iki dilli Türk çocuklarının Türkçe eğitimi-öğretimine ilişkin görüş ve düşüncelerini derlemek; karşılaştıkları sorunları ortaya çıkarıp onlara çözüm önerileri sunmak ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nden beklentilerini dile getirmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya, Bulgaristan'da Türklerin en yoğun yaşadığı illerden olan Kırcaali'den 17 (12 kadın-5 erkek) ve Şumnu'dan 9 (7 kadın-2 erkek) Türkçe öğretmeni katılmıştır. Öğretmenler ile yüz yüze görüşülmüş ve kendilerine açık uçlu sorular yöneltilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde frekans ve yüzde belirleme tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerden bazıları şunlardır: Öğretmenlerin %92'si hizmet içi eğitime ihtiyaç duymakta, %62'si okullarındaki haftalık Türkçe ders saati sayısını yetersiz bulmakta, %29'u okullarında Türkçe dersi dışında Türkçe ile ilgili herhangi bir etkinlik yapmadığını ifade etmekte, %26'sı Türkçe ders kitaplarının çok eski ve kullanılamayacak kadar yıpranmış olduğunu belirtmektedir. Öğretmenlerin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nden beklentileri arasında ise ilk sırayı Türk edebiyatına kaynaklık eden orijinal kitaplar oluşturmaktadır

According to the last official census conducted in 2011, the population of Bulgaria is 6,611,563. The population of Turks is 585.024. The Bulgarian government in this census, besides asking their ethnicity, asked people to define their mother tongue. The population people who defined their mother tongue as Turkish was conducted 604.246 (BUİE, 2015). Then the population of people whose mother tongue is Turkish conducted 19.222 is more than the population whose ethnicity is Turk. The main cause of this result can be explained because some of Bulgarian citizens whose ethnicity are Roman defined their mother tongue as a Turkish. % 68 of Bulgarian Turks live in cities while %32 of them living in countries (Erdinç, 2002:97). When it is observed the situation of Turkish lessons at schools, it isn’t found any classroom that select Turkish lesson except a school in Shumen. But the Turkish lesson is chosen at small towns and villages where the Turkish population is so high. It must be known that the number of the students living there decrease day by day. It can be said as a reason that the mother tongue and the language of instruction are Bulgarian, the school management directs parents to the math, English lessons, etc., and the Bulgarian people having economic difficulties migrate to Europe. The Turkish language can be taught only until 8th grade as an elective course in Bulgaria. It is sought two conditions to teach Turkish in a Bulgarian school: the one is 14 letter of application of parents and the other is to be a Turkish teacher at school. Besides at the end of the year, the Turkish exam point cannot be written to the student’s report because of the status of lesson (Memişoğlu, 2002:56). The Turkish teachers working in Bulgaria aren’t employed by Turkish government. The candidates who are Bulgaria citizen and qualify for being Turkish language teacher by finishing the schools concerned can start to work as a teacher by applying for the announcements. It can’t be obtained the number of Turkish teachers working in Bulgaria in 2015 in spite of demanded by Bulgarian official institutions. The observations of researcher at this field show that the number of teachers is not more than 60 across Bulgaria. Many of schools and institutions have been opened to teach Turkish language teacher from the 19th century in Bulgaria. But nowadays there are only three institutions t educating Turkish language teachers: Sofia University, Plovdiv University and Shumen University. The students, who want to study above-mentioned universities, must join the language exams except Turkish language. It is due to the status of Turkish lesson; because Turkish is an elective course at Bulgarian high schools. So the students who don’t know Turkish language can study at these universities, besides there aren’t the classes of preparation in Bulgarian universities. The teachers use both Bulgarian and Turkish in the class. The graduated students can get a job in tourism and translation sector. In this study, it is aimed to be pointed out the views of Turkish language teachers about the situation actual of Turkish language in Bulgaria. It is mentioned about the objectives of teachers teaching Turkish to students, the referenced sources and the activities used by the teachers and it is also mentioned about the problems faced by teachers in teaching Turkish and about the offer of solutions by them and about the expectations of teachers from Turkish Republic. The research is prepared by using screening model. The aim in this model to collect the data for brings out the certain properties of one group (Büyüköztürk ve Çakmak, 2008:16). 17 Turkish language teachers (12 women-5 men) from Kırcaali and 9 teachers (7 women-2 men) from Shumen where the Turkish population is so high participated to the research. In the research, open-ended questionnaire, developed by Yıldız (2012) to define the views of teachers, is performed to the teachers by considering the conditions of Bulgaria. In the research used also face to face interview technic, the survey is performed by researcher to the teachers in their schools. Frequencies and percentages description are used and the results are presented through tables to the readers. %92 of Turkish Teachers pointed out that they have needed in-service program. Almost all the teachers complain of Turkish books being outdated and used. The problem of Turkish books must be solved quickly. The other problem need to be debated is that there aren’t any bookstore selling Turkish books in Bulgaria where the Turkish population is so densely. Because of this situation, the Turkish children can’t read Turkish story, novel, poetry and etc. To overcome this problem, it can be developed sister school projects so that the children can meet Turkish books in class. Most of Turkish teachers complain about the status of Turkish lesson in schools and so they say that the Turkish lesson is thought unimportant by parents and students. The Turkish lesson must be compulsory in schools where the Turkish population is densely. The future of Turkish language teachers in Bulgaria is related directly to the existence of Turkish lesson at schools. While 114.00 students were selecting Turkish lesson at schools in 1992, nowadays the number of these students has declined down to 7000. If no measures are taken, there will no doubt that this number will decline even further. It is threat for Bulgarian Turks that the decline of the numbers of students selecting Turkish lesson and that Turkish education cannot be done formally. The Turkish will never disappear in Bulgaria, but it is estimated that the standard use of Turkish will disappear in later years. Bulgaria, in terms of Turkish population is ranked first in Balkans. Especially in southern and northern Bulgaria, the Turks have a grand population. There are a lot of fields of study such as Turcology and Turkish language education. So the Turkish academicians can courage their master and PhD students to study in Bulgaria.